Evaluación multimodal del hematoma subdural crónico

Introducción: El hematoma subdural crónico es la complicación tardía más frecuente del trauma craneoencefálico. Su diagnóstico precoz y el tratamiento oportuno permiten la evolución favorable y curación de los pacientes. Objetivo: Sistematizar los diferentes ejes de clasificación del hematoma subdural crónico, que permitan la evaluación multimodal con una orientación más precisa de la técnica quirúrgica. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos disponibles, centrada en las diferentes clasificaciones clínicas y radiológicas del hematoma subdural crónico y se seleccionaron 26 artículos. Se escogieron las principales clasificaciones y escalas y se aplicaron en 22 pacientes, obteniéndose resultados preliminares. Resultados: Las escalas de evaluación clínica de Bender, Marckwalder y la clasificación de Gordon Firing son las más conocidas, sin embargo, existen clasificaciones tomográficas que tienen en cuenta la densidad, la homogeneidad del hematoma que son de gran importancia en la selección de la técnica quirúrgica. La presencia de membranas y tabiques aparecen solo incluidas dentro de la valoración de la densidad del hematoma. Existen otras con valor predictivo que identifican aquellos factores relacionados con las recurrencias, desde antes de la cirugía, las mismas se consideran un factor de mal pronóstico para la evolución final de los pacientes con este tipo de hematomas. Conclusiones: La evaluación preoperatoria exige de la aplicación de múltiples escalas, la identificación y caracterización de las membranas es importante para personalizar la técnica quirúrgica, en busca de disminuir la morbilidad y mortalidad posoperatoria.

Introduction: Chronic subdural hematoma is the most frequent late complication of cranioencephalic trauma. The early diagnosis and correct treatment allow the recovery of patients. Objective: To systematize the different criteria of classification of chronic subdural hematoma that leads the multimodal evaluation for more effective selection of surgical technique. Methods: A review of literature about chronic subdural hematoma was done in the main database focused on different clinical and radiological classifications and 26 articles were selected. The main classifications and scales were chosen and applied to 22 patients, obtaining preliminary results. Results : Benders, Marckwalder and Gordon Firing scales are the most common, nevertheless there are tomographic classifications that include density, homogeneity of hematoma that are of great importance in the selection of the surgical technique. The presence of membranes and septum are only included in the evaluation of hematoma density. There are some others with predictive value that identify those factors related to recurrences before surgery that are considered a bad prognosis to the final evolution of these patients with this type of hematoma. Conclusions: The previous evaluation to surgery requires the use of different scales, the identification and characterization of membranes are important to select the optimum surgical technique to decrease morbidity and mortality after surgery.

Caracterización tomográfica de las membranas en pacientes con hematoma subdural crónico

Introducción: El hematoma subdural crónico es un hematoma encapsulado por dos membranas interna y externa. Existen diferentes clasificaciones imagenológicas que incluyen las características de estas lesiones, pero la presencia de las membranas y sus características es un aspecto poco descrito. Objetivo: Describir las características tomográficas de las membranas de los hematomas subdurales crónicos. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en el Servicio de Neurocirugía en conjunto con el Servicio de Imagenología, del Hospital Universitario Manuel Ascunce Domenech durante el año 2021. Se incluyeron 20 pacientes adultos que fueron operados con el diagnóstico de hematoma subdural crónico. Las membranas se caracterizaron de acuerdo con su densidad, grosor, número de capas, morfología y extensión. Resultados: Predominaron los pacientes de más de 65 años del sexo masculino, con hematomas unilaterales más frecuentes del lado izquierdo. El volumen promedio fue de 150 ml y el diámetro fue de 3 cm. Fueron más frecuentes las membranas finas, hiperdensas, incompletas, de una sola capa y la morfología fue variable. Conclusiones: Las membranas que conforman el hematoma subdural crónico pueden observarse en la tomografía axial computarizada. Se han encontrado diferentes tipos de membranas de acuerdo con su densidad, grosor, morfología, extensión y presencia de tabiques. La presencia de una membrana gruesa o fina con tabiques, puede tener indicación de una craneotomía que permita la resección cuidadosa de la membrana parietal y la apertura suficiente de la visceral para facilitar la re expansión cerebral y disminuir la incidencia de recolecciones.

Introduction: Chronic subdural hematoma is a hematoma encapsulated by two internal and external membranes. There are different imaging classifications that include the characteristics of these lesions, but the presence of the membranes and their characteristics is a little described aspect. Objective: To describe the tomographic characteristics of the membranes of chronic subdural hematomas. Methods: A descriptive study was carried out in the Neurosurgery service in conjunction with the Imaging service of the Manuel Ascunce Domenech University Hospital during the year 2021. 20 adult patients who underwent surgery with the diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma were included. The membranes were characterized according to their density, thickness, number of layers, morphology and extension. Results: Male patients over 65 years of age predominated, with more frequent unilateral hematomas on the left side. The average volume was 150 ml and the diameter was 3 cm. Thin, hyperdense, incomplete, single-layer membranes were more frequent, and the morphology was variable. Conclusions: The membranes that make up the chronic subdural hematoma can be seen on computerized axial tomography. Different types of membranes have been found according to their density, thickness, morphology, extension and presence of septa. The presence of a thick or thin membrane with septa may indicate a craniotomy that allows careful resection of the parietal membrane and sufficient opening of the visceral membrane to facilitate brain re-expansion and reduce the incidence of recollections.

Aprendizaje remoto para procedimientos neuro-endovasculares durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Remote learning for neuro-endovascular procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic

RESUMEN Durante la pandemia COVID-19 se ha incrementado el uso de la telemedicina y de plataformas virtuales en el campo de la medicina, por ello, en nuestra institución contamos con un sistema multicámara que permite la visualización en vivo de procedimientos endovasculares. Se realizaron once casos de aneurismas, malformaciones arteriovenosas y hematomas subdurales crónicos que fueron tratados y transmitidos en vivo sin problemas técnicos a través de la plataforma Zoom®. El tiempo promedio de transmisión y del número de participantes fue de 2.5 horas y 6 participantes, respectivamente. En todos los casos se discutió la técnica empleada y las complicaciones ocurridas. El aprendizaje remoto con plataformas en línea es hoy en día una herramienta importante, pero no un sustituto del aprendizaje práctico para procedimientos endovasculares. Recomendamos su implementación durante la pandemia de COVID-19 como un sustituto temporal, especialmente para los médicos en entrenamiento que no tienen acceso a intervenciones endovasculares avanzadas.

ABSTRACT During the COVID-19 pandemics there has been a substantial increase in the use of telemedicine and virtual platforms in the medical field. For this reason, we have in our institution a multi- camera system that allows us live visualizing endovascular procedures. Eleven cases dealing with aneurysms, arteriovenous malformations and chronic subdural hematomas were treated and broadcasted live with no technical problems using the Zoomâ platform. The average time for transmissions was 2.5 hours, and the average number of participants was 6 persons. The used technique and occurring complications were discussed for all cases. Remote learning using online platforms is nowadays a very important tool, but it is not a substitute for practical learning when performing endovascular procedures. We recommend to implement such techniques during COVID-19 pandemics as a temporary substitute for live learning, particularly for young in-training physicians who may not have access to advanced endovascular interventions.

Hematoma Subdural Crónico Calcificado como complicación a largo plazo de la derivación ventrículo-peritoneal

Introducción: El hematoma subdural crónico calcificado o "cerebro blindado" es un hallazgo raro dentro de la práctica neuroquirúrgica, constituyendo el 0.3% al 2.7% de los hematomas subdurales. Aún se desconoce el mecanismo fisiopatológico por el cual se desarrolla, sin embargo, se ha propuesto que una pobre circulación en el espacio subdural y trombosis predispone a su formación. Caso Clínico: Se reporta el caso de una femenina de 30 años con antecedente de hidrocefalia con derivación ventrículo-peritoneal derecha desde los 3 años que acude con historia de cefalea que no mejoraba con analgésicos, sin otra alteración neurológica. Se le realizó una tomografía cerebral simple que evidenció una colección extra axial bilateral hipodensa con calcificación perilesional sugestivo de hematoma subdural crónico calcificado. Se lleva a cabo craneotomía temporo-parietal izquierda y trepano derecho para exploración y evacuación de ambos hematomas sin complicaciones. Conclusión: La calcificación de un hematoma subdural crónico es una entidad rara, por lo que es necesario considerarse dentro de los diagnósticos diferenciales ante hallazgos sugestivos de calcificaciones intracraneales. Su manejo aún es controversial. El tratamiento quirúrgico puede constituir una buena elección en pacientes con sintomatología de efecto de masa. Sin embargo, es posible brindar un manejo conservador en asintomáticos, por lo que es necesario un manejo individualizado para cada paciente. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Meningioma parasagital y hematoma subdural crónico, una asociación inusual / Parasagittal meningioma and chronic subdural hematoma, unusual association

RESUMEN En muchas ocasiones, los pacientes con tumores cerebrales tienen una variedad de síntomas psiquiátricos inespecíficos. Algunos de estos pueden constituir la primera o única manifestación del tumor, sin la presencia de ningún síntoma o signo neurológico. El diagnóstico ha de basarse en la anamnesis completa y en la exploración neurológica; la neuroimagen confirmará el diagnóstico clínico. Con el presente trabajo se describió la asociación inusual de hematoma subdural crónico y meningioma parasagital en un caso presentado. Se trató de un paciente de 68 años con antecedentes de esquizofrenia. Acudió a consulta con una hemiparesia izquierda. Se le realizó una tomografía axial computarizada de cráneo y arrojó un hematoma subdural crónico y un meningioma parasagital derecho. Se le aplicó tratamiento quirúrgico en dos tiempos operatorios. Su evolución posquirúrgica transcurrió sin complicaciones (AU).

ABSTRACT In many cases, patients with brain tumors have a variety of nonspecific psychiatric symptoms. Some of them can be the first or the only manifestation of the tumor, without presenting any neurological signs or symptoms. The diagnosis must be based on the complete anamnesis and on the neurological examination. The neuroimaging will confirm the clinical diagnosis. The unusual association of a chronic subdural hematoma and a parasagittal meningioma was described in a case presented in the current work. It dealt with a patient, aged 68 years with antecedents of schizophrenia. He assisted the consultation with left hemiparesis. A skull computed tomography showed a chronic subdural hematoma and a right parasagittal meningioma. He underwent a two-steps surgery. His post-surgery evolution ran without complications (AU).

Hematoma subdural crónico / Chronic subdural hematoma

El hematoma subdural crónico (HSC) es una patología neuroquirúrgica frecuente, que se reconoce como consecuencia de traumatismos craneoencefálicos de poca magnitud que habitualmente se diagnostican en pacientes seniles, aunque puede presentarse en pacientes jóvenes y sin antecedentes de traumas.El objetivo que persigue este trabajo es la presentación de una paciente con un HSC bilateral, con características poco usuales.Caso clínico: se presenta una paciente del sexo femenino, de 46 años de edad, sin antecedente de traumatismo craneal ni de otra patología concomitante, que consulta por una cefalea de 15 días de evolución. El examen físico constató midriasis, pupila de Hutchinson, papiledema bilateral y exoforia del ojo derecho, parálisis del tercer par craneal y ataxia de tronco, fue catalogada con Glasgow 13. Se realizó tratamiento anti edema cerebral temprano y las manifestaciones desaparecieron en gran medida. En la Tomografía axial computarizada se diagnosticó un hematoma subdural frontotemporal bilateral con desplazamiento de las estructuras de la línea media a la izquierda. Fue operada de urgencia y dada de alta completamente recuperada tres días después.Conclusión: el HSC puede presentarse con distintas formas clínicas, simulando procesos expansivos tumorales, ataques cerebrovasculares, demencias o entidades neurológicas de otra índole. El manejo del caso por clínicos y neurocirujanos fue rápido y efectivo, lo que explica que la paciente tuvo una recuperación temprana y total. En estos casos la actuación médica es decisiva en el éxito del tratamiento.

Chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is a common neurosurgical pathology that is recognized as a consequence of minor head injuries that are usually diagnosed in senile patients, although it can occur in young patients without a history of trauma.The objective of this work is the presentation of a patient with a bilateral CSH, with unusual characteristics.Clinical case: a 46-year-old female patient with no history of head trauma or other concomitant pathology is presented, who consulted for a 15-day-old headache. Physical examination confirmed mydriasis, Hutchinson's pupil, bilateral papilledema and exophoria of the right eye, third cranial nerve palsy, and trunk ataxia. She was cataloged with Glasgow 13. Early anti-cerebral edema treatment was performed and the manifestations largely disappeared. A computed tomography scan diagnosed a bilateral fronto temporal subdural hematoma with displacement of the midline structures to the left. She underwent emergency surgery and was discharged completely recovered three days later. Conclusion: HSC can present with different clinical forms, simulating expansive tumor processes, cerebrovascular attacks, dementias or neurological entities of another nature. The case management by clinicians and neurosurgeons was quick and effective, which explains that the patient had an early and complete recovery. In these cases, medical action is decisive in the success of the treatment.

Casos clínicos sobre tratamiento conservador del hematoma subdural crónico / Clinical cases on conservative treatment of chronic subdural hematoma

Introducción: El hematoma subdural crónico es una de las entidades clínicas más comunes en la práctica neuroquirúrgica diaria, cuya incidencia y prevalencia aumentan considerablemente con la edad. El tratamiento conservador puede ser muy útil en algunos casos. Objetivo: Mostrar que el manejo farmacológico exclusivo de este padecimiento, puede ser considerado en muchos pacientes. Casos clínicos: Se presentan dos pacientes adultos mayores, atendidos en el servicio de Neurocirugía, con diagnóstico de hematoma subdural crónico, tratados solo con fármacos. Conclusiones: Como resultado final, se logró la reabsorción de las colecciones subdurales, lo cual se comprobó mediante estudios imagenológicos(AU)

Introduction: Chronic subdural hematoma is one of the most common clinical entities in everyday neurosurgical practice, which incidence and prevalence increase considerably with age. Conservative treatment can be very useful in many patients. Objective: To show that the exclusive pharmacological management of this condition can be considered in many patients. Clinical cases: Two elderly patients attended at the neurosurgery service are presented with a diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma. They were treated only with drugs. Conclusions: The final result was the reabsorption of the subdural collections, which was proven by imaging studies(AU)

Uso de la embolización de la arteria meníngea media en recidiva de hematoma subdural crónico / Use of embolization of the middle meningeal artery in chronic subdural hematoma recurrence

RESUMEN El hematoma subdural crónico (HSDC) es una patología neuroquirúrgica frecuente, con una recurrencia de hasta el 30% de los casos. La embolización de la arteria meníngea media (AMM) es una estrategia de manejo adyuvante para disminuir la recidiva, especialmente en pacientes con factores de riesgo para recurrencia, y tiene una baja tasa de complicaciones. Presentamos el caso de un varón de 83 años con antecedente de anticoagulación, que es admitido en centro sanitario por presentar hemiparesia derecha, disartria y alteración de la marcha, con un tiempo de enfermedad de una semana. Se realizó trepanación y evacuación del HSDC sin complicaciones. Un mes después retornó por recidiva del HSDC, por lo que se realizó trepanación y evacuación adecuada del HSDC, seguida de embolización de la AMM ipsilateral. El control a los dos meses mostró ausencia de recidiva, con mejoría neurológica del paciente. Concluimos que la embolización de la AMM fue un tratamiento adyuvante eficaz para disminuir la recidiva del HSDC y podría estar indicada en pacientes con factores de riesgo asociados a la recurrencia.

ABSTRACT Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a frequent neurosurgical condition, which may develop recurrence in up to 30% of all cases. Embolization of the middle meningeal artery (MMA) is an adjuvant management strategy for reducing recurrence, especially in patients with risk factors, and it has a low complication rate. We present the case of an 83-year old male with history of anticoagulation, who was admitted in a healthcare facility because of right hemiparesis, dysarthria and gait impairment, and he had been sick for one week. A trepanation and CSDH evacuation were uneventfully performed. One month later, the patient was brought back because of CSDH recurrence, so another trepanation and adequate CSDH evacuation were performed, followed by embolization of the ipsilateral MMA. A control assessment after two months revealed absence of recurrence and neurological improvement. We conclude that MMA embolization was an efficacious adjuvant therapy aiming to reduce CSDH recurrence, and this procedure may be indicated in patients with risk factors for recurrence.

Otomastoiditis crónica supurada complicada con absceso extradural y colecciónsupurada subcutánea (Absceso de Bezold), asociada a hematoma subdural crónico / Chronic suppurative otomastoiditis complicated with extradural abscess and subcutaneous suppurative collection (Bezold's abscess), associated with chronic subdural hematoma

Introducción: Las complicaciones intracraneanas de la otomastoiditis crónica supurada (OMCS) se ven cada vez con menor frecuencia gracias al diagnóstico precoz, acceso a imagenología y uso de antibióticos. La asociación de una OMCS con empiema extradural y hematoma subdural crónico es extremadamente infrecuente y y reportar un caso clinico es el objetivo de este reporte. Caso clínico: Paciente de 28 años, con historia de trauma craneano dos meses antes del ingreso. Consultó por otorrea fétida derecha de 45 días de evolución. Un mes previo a la consulta instala tumoración fluctuante en planos superficiales de región temporoparietal derecha que aumenta de tamaño y se hace dolorosa. Examen neurológico normal. Se realiza tomografía de cráneo que evidencia colección extradural y subdural, asociada a otomastoiditis. Se intervino en conjunto con ORL para evacuación del proceso supurado intracraneano y mastoidectomía, encontrándose en el intraoperatorio que la colección subdural no era infecciosa (empiema), sino que era un hematoma subdural crónico. La evolución fue buena siendo dado de alta asintomático. Reportamos esta asociación lesional muy poco frecuente, cuyo diagnóstico preoperatorio hubiera hecho variar la táctica neuroquirúrgica. Se discuten los hechos clínicos e imagenológicos que podrían haber llevado al diagnóstico correcto.

Introduction: Intracranial complications of chronic suppurative otomastoiditis (OMCS) are seen less and less frequently seen thanks to early diagnosis, access to imaging and access to antibiotics. The association of an OMCS with extradural empyema and chronic subdural hematoma is extremely infrequent. We report a clincal case of OMCS associated with a chronic subdural haematoma. Clinical case: A 28-year-old patient with a history of cranial trauma two months before admission, who consulted for a 46-day history of fetid otorrhea. One month prior to the consultation, he detected a fluctuating tumor in superficial planes of the right temporoparietal region that increased and became painful. He has a normal neurological examination. We performed a cranial CT and we detected an extradural and subdural collection, associated with otomastoiditis. A surgical intervention with a combined team was performed (Othologist and neurosurgeons). The aim of the surgery to evacuate the intracranial process and mastoidectomy. In the intraoperative period, we discovered that the subdural collection was not infectious but a chronic subdural hematoma. The evolution was good being discharged asymptomatic. We report a very rare association (OMCS with chronic subdural haematoma), whose preoperative diagnosis would have changed the neurosurgical tactic. Clinical and imaging facts that could have led to the correct diagnosis are discussed.

Analysis of predisposing factors for chronic subdural hematoma recurrence

SUMMARY OBJECTIVES: To identify recurrence and its potential predisposing factors in a series of 595 patients with an initial diagnosis of Chronic Subdural Hematoma (CSDH) who underwent surgical treatment at a Reference Hospital of São Paulo. METHODS: A retrospective descriptive study, in which the medical records of all patients with a CSDH diagnosis submitted to surgical treatment from 2000 to 2014 were analyzed. RESULTS: The final study population consisted of 500 patients with a diagnosis of CSDH (95 patients with a diagnosis of Cystic Hygroma were excluded), of which 27 patients presented recurrence of the disease (5.4%). There were no statistically significant differences in relapses when cases were stratified by gender, laterality of the first episode or surgical procedure performed in the first episode (trepanning vs. craniotomy). It was possible to demonstrate an age-related protective factor, analyzed as a continuous variable, regarding the recurrence of the CSDH, with a lower rate of recurrence the higher the age. CONCLUSIONS: The results indicate that, among possible factors associated with recurrence, only age presented a protective factor with statistical significance. The fact that no significant difference between the patients submitted to trepanning or craniotomy was found favors the preferential use of burr-hole surgery as a procedure of choice due to its fast and less complex execution.

RESUMO OBJETIVOS: Identificar a taxa de recidiva e seus potenciais fatores predisponentes em série de 595 pacientes consecutivos com diagnóstico inicial de hematoma subdural crônico (HSDCr) submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico em hospital terciário de São Paulo nos últimos 14 anos. MÉTODOS: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo, no qual foram analisados os prontuários de todos os pacientes com diagnóstico de HSDCr submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico, no período de 2000 a 2014. RESULTADOS: A amostra final consistiu em 500 pacientes com diagnóstico de HSDCr — foram excluídos 95 pacientes com diagnóstico de higroma cístico —, dos quais 27 sujeitos apresentaram recidiva do quadro (5,4%). Não foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significativas nas recidivas quando os casos foram estratificados por gênero, lateralidade do primeiro episódio ou procedimento cirúrgico executado no primeiro episódio (trepanação vs. craniotomia). Foi possível demonstrar um fator protetor relacionado à idade, analisado como variável contínua, no que diz respeito à recidiva do HSDCr, com menor taxa de recidiva com o avançar desta CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados indicam que, dentre os fatores possivelmente associados à recidiva, apenas a idade se apresentou como fator protetor com significância estatística. O fato de não ser demonstrada diferença significativa entre os pacientes submetidos a tratamentos cirúrgicos por trepanação ou por craniotomia favorece o uso preferencial da trepanação como procedimento de escolha, em virtude de apresentar execução rápida e menos complexa.

Chronic Subdural Hematoma Spontaneous Resolution

Introduction Chronic subdural hematoma (CSH) is a hemorrhagic brain injury that persists for more than 21 days after its initial formation. The incidence is predominantly among the elderly population (> 65 years), and varies from 58 to 74/100,000 inhabitants. Spontaneous resolution is considered variable; in the literature series, it is < 1­20% of cases. Objectives To expose the CSH pathophysiological mechanisms of spontaneous resolution and some treatments that lead to hematoma volume reduction. Methods Literature review between 1971 to 2016, using the PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scielo, LILACS and Cochrane databases using key-words, with inclusion and exclusion criteria. Discussion Spontaneous resolution of the CSH pathophysiology is controversial; however, it can be attributed to four basic mechanisms: 1) outer capsule membrane maturation; 2) decreased fibrinolysis; 3) bidirectional flow of blood vessels; and 4) platelet plug. Some drugs, such as mannitol, corticosteroids, tranexamic acid and atorvastatin, contribute to CSH resolution, since they change the capsule membrane permeability, and inhibit the fibrinolytic and inflammatory systems. Conclusion Spontaneous resolution is unpredictable; in some cases, it has a large temporal evolution (of up to 6 years). It occurs in small or laminar collections, asymptomatic or with transient neurological symptoms, and the pathophysiology is still controversial to this day. Therefore, surgical treatment should remain the first option, even though the conservative management is adopted for some patients. Rigorous outpatient and radiological follow-up are recommended.

Introdução O hematoma subdural crônico (HSDC) é uma lesão cerebral hemorrágica que persiste por mais de 21 dias após o começo de sua formação. A sua incidência é predominantemente na população idosa (> 65 anos), e varia de 58­74 /100.000 habitantes, e sua resolução espontânea é considerada rara e variável nas séries da literatura em < 1­20% dos casos. Objetivos Expor os mecanismos fisiopatológicos que favorecem a resolução espontânea do HSDC e alguns tratamentos que favorecem a redução do volume do hematoma. Métodos Revisão bibliográfica entre 1971 e 2016, utilizando as bases de dados PubMed, Medline, Embase, Scielo, LILACS e Cochrane, por meio de palavras-chave, com critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Discussão A fisiopatologia da resolução espontânea dos HSDCs é controversa, porém pode ser atribuída a quatro mecanismos: 1) maturação da membrana externa da cápsula; 2) diminuição da fibrinólise; 3) fluxo bidireccional de vasos sanguíneos; e 4) tampão plaquetário. Alguns medicamentos, tais como manitol, corticoesteroides, ácido tranexâmico e atorvastatina, também podem favorecer a resolução dos HSDCs, uma vez que alteram a permeabilidade da membrana da cápsula e inibem os sistemas fibrinolítico e inflamatório. Conclusão A resolução espontânea é imprevisível; em alguns casos, tem ampla evolução temporal em até 6 anos. Ocorre em coleções pequenas ou laminares, assintomáticas ou com sintomas neurológicos transitórios, e sua fisiopatologia ainda hoje é controversa. Portanto, o tratamento cirúrgico deve continuar sendo a primeira opção, embora se adote uma conduta conservadora para alguns pacientes. O seguimento ambulatorial e radiológico rigoroso é recomendado.

Recuperación de pacientes en postoperatorio de drenaje de hematoma subdural crónico asociado al uso de ácidotranexámico / Recovery of patients operated with technical drain of chronic subdural hematome, associated to tranexamic acid

Con el objetivo de evaluar la recuperación de pacientes que recibieron ácido tranexámico luego del drenaje de hematoma subdural crónico (HSC), se seleccionan al azar 22 pacientes de ambos sexos en edades comprendidas de 32 a 87 años. A un grupo de 11 paciente intervenidos, se les continuó el tratamiento con la colocación de un sistema de drenaje externo tipo Jackson-Pratt (grupo A) y un segundo grupo de pacientes, se les continuó tratamiento con Ácido Tranexámico (grupo B). Ambos grupos fueron evaluados en aspectos clínicos y tomográficos una semana después de la intervención. La distribución obtenida por género representó 99,5 por ciento masculino. Del total de pacientes, la mitad presentó HSC en el lado derecho y los casos bilaterales representaron 31,8 por ciento. Los resultados funcionales postoperatorio fueron satisfactorios en el 59,1 por ciento comparado con los obtenidos en la escala Glasgow preoperatorio donde más del 50 por ciento de los casos no superaban el valor 13 de la escala. El síntoma más común fue hemiparesia izquierda (45,5 por ciento), seguido de hemiparesia derecha (22,7 por ciento). El tratamiento con Ácido Tranexámico obtuvo resultados satisfactorios en el 63,6 por ciento de los casos de manera inmediata y en el 27,3 por ciento a las 24 horas; caso contrario a los resultados obtenidos con el sistema de Jackson-Pratt, donde el 54,5 por ciento obtuvo mejoría a las 24 horas. Deigual manera la relación entre días de hospitalización y tratamiento fue significativa. Estos resultados permiten concluir que el tratamiento con Ácido Tranexámico ofrece una excelente tasa de recuperación, con menor número de complicaciones,...

The research presented as techniques to evaluate chronic subdural hematoma drainage associated with the use of tranexamic acid in the recovery of postoperative patients in IAHULA: Mérida, Venezuela. It is a descriptive, cross-sectional and retrospectivestudy. Randomly selected patients of both sexes aged 32 to 87 years old who had a diagnosis of Chronic SubduralHematoma, unilateral or bilateral. From a total of 22 patients, which will have surgery criteria: Drawing Subdural Hematoma. A group of 11 patients who underwent classic fashion, they continued the surgery with placement of an external drain JacksonPratt type. The other group of patients also underwent the classic way, they continued postoperative treatment with tranexamic acid. Both groups were evaluated clinically and tomographic week intervention. As a result it was found that most patients with surgical drainage of chronic subdural hematoma are the right area, in the group A (with A Jackson-Pratt) and group B (tranexamic acid). The present study showed male predominance (99.5 percent) and 50.0 percent of hematomas occurred on the right side, followed by bilateral cases (31.8 percent). The postoperative functional results were satisfactory in 59.1 percent compared with those obtained in the preoperative Glasgow where over 50 percent of cases did not exceed the value of the scale 13 scale. The most common symptom was left hemiparesis (45.5 percent), followed by right hemiparesis (22.7 percent). Treatment with Tranexamic Acid obtained satisfactory results in 63.6 percent of cases immediately and in 27.3 percent at 24 hours; Otherwise the results obtained with the system of Jackson-Pratt, where 54.5 percent improvement obtained by 24 hours. Similarly the relationship between days of hospitalization and treatment gave significant. These results suggest that treatment with tranexamic acid offers higher cure rate with fewer complications, mortality and sequelae, allowing also reduce hospitalization time,...

Surgical Treatment of Chronic Subdural Hematoma: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Literature / Tratamento cirúrgico do hematoma subdural crônico: revisão sistemática e metanálise da literatura

Background There are many controversies in the literature on the treatment of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Objective To assess the effects of different surgical techniques and postoperative care on recurrence of CSDH. Methods Systematic review through Medline search of articles published between January 1990 and July 2011. Controlled observational and randomized clinical trials (RCT) regarding surgical approach, irrigation, drainage, and postoperative patient position in patients with CSDH were included. The outcome was recurrence requiring reoperation. Independent extraction of articles was conducted by 2 authors using predefined data fields, including study risk of bias indicators. Results 35 publications met inclusion criteria. Pooled analyses did not demonstrate difference in recurrence rates when compared burr-hole craniostomy (BHC) x twist-drill craniostomy (TDC) (OR: 0.99; CI95%: 0.53­1.84; p » 0.97), BHC x craniotomy (OR: 1.23; CI95%: 0.78­1.95; p » 0.36), nor TDC x craniotomy (OR: 16.11; CI95%: 0.85­306.88; p » 0.06). In patients receiving BHC, pooled analysis showed a lower recurrence rate in patients receiving 2BHC compared with 1BHC (OR: 0.58; CI95%: 0.37­0.88; p » 0.01). The use of drainage system after evacuation of CSDH by BHC reduces the recurrence (OR: 0.41; CI95%: 0.23­0.74; p » 0.003).There is not enough evidence to support either a specific location of the tip of drain, nor the postoperative patient position as factors influencing on recurrence. Conclusion Well-designed studies are urgently needed to verify the effectiveness of most neurosurgical procedures routinely performed for CSDH.

Introdução Existem inúmeras controvérsias na literatura sobre o tratamento do hematoma subdural crônico (HSDC). Objetivo Avaliar os resultados das diferentes técnicas cirúrgicas e cuidados pós operatórios na recidiva do HSDC. Métodos Revisão sistemática de artigos publicados no Medline entre Janeiro de 1990 a Julho de 2011. Foram incluídos estudos observacionais controlados e ensaios clínicos randomizados (ECR) relacionados à abordagem cirúrgica, irrigação, uso de dreno e posicionamento no pós-operatório de pacientes com HSDC. O desfecho estudado foi recidivo necessitando reoperação. A extração dos dados foi conduzida de maneira independente por dois autores utilizando campos pré-definidos, incluindo indicadores de viés dos estudos. Resultados Trinta e cinco artigos foram incluídos na análise. A metanálise não demonstrou diferença nas taxas de recorrência quando comparadas às técnicas de trepanação burr-hole (BHC) X twist-drill (TDC) (OR: 0,99; IC95%: 0,53­1,84; p » 0,97), BHC X craniotomia (OR: 1,23; IC95%: 0,78­1,95; p » 0,36), nem TDC X craniotomia (OR: 16,11; IC95%: 0,85­306,88; p » 0.06). Em pacientes operados por BHC, a metanálise demonstrou menor taxa de recidiva em pacientes operados com 2BHC em comparação a 1BHC (OR: 0,58; IC95%: 0,37­0,88; p » 0,01). O uso de dreno no pós-operatório por BHC reduziu a recidiva (OR: 0,41; IC95%: 0,23­0,74; p » 0,003). Não há evidência suficiente que aponta do dreno ou a posição do paciente no pós operatório tenham influência na chance de recidiva. Conclusão Estudos bem delineados são necessários para comparar a efetividade da maioria dos procedimentos neurocirúrgicos realizados rotineiramente para HSDC.

Chronic subdural hematoma: epidemiological and prognostic analysis of 176 cases / Hematoma subdural crônico: análise epidemiológica e prognóstica de 176 casos

Objective : To characterize patients with chronic subdural hematoma undergoing surgery and to identify prognostic indicators. Methods : We conducted a retrospective analysis of patients diagnosed with chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) undergoing surgical treatment. We analyzed: age, period from trauma to diagnostic imaging, pre and postoperative Glasgow coma scale, type of surgery, associated comorbidities, use of postoperative drainage and outpatient treatment. Results : The sample consisted of 176 patients, 126 male and 50 female patients (ratio 2.5 : 1), ages ranged from six months to 97 years, with an average of 59.3 years. CSDH was caused by trauma in 52% of patients, with the time from trauma to imaging averaging 25.05 days; 37.7% were hypertensive patients and 20% had a neurological disease. Eighty-five (48.3%) patients were elderly and altered consciousness was present in 63% of cases. Of the 91 (51.7%) non-elderly patients, 44% presented with headache, altered consciousness occurred in 40% and motor abnormalities in 27.5%. The CSDH was located on the right in 41%, left in 43% and bilaterally in 16% of patients. Conclusion : the change of consciousness was the most common clinical alteration in the elderly and headache in non-elderly. The most associated comorbidity was the arterial hypertension and the most frequent cause, head trauma. The trepanation with two oriffices associated with a closed drainage system was the most used operating, with high efficacy and low complication rate.

Objetivo: caracterizar os pacientes com hematoma subdural crônico submetidos à intervenção cirúrgica e identificar os indicadores prognósticos. Métodos: análise retrospectiva de pacientes diagnosticados com hematoma subdural crônico (HSDC) submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico. Foram analisados: idade, período do trauma ao diagnóstico por imagem, escala de coma de Glasgow pré e pós-operatório, tipo de intervenção cirúrgica, comorbidades associadas, utilização de drenagem pós-operatória e acompanhamento ambulatorial. Resultados: a amostra consistiu em 176 pacientes, 126 do sexo masculino e 50 pacientes do sexo feminino (proporção de 2,5:1), a idade variou de seis meses a 97 anos, com uma média de 59,3 anos. O HSDC foi causado por trauma em 52% dos pacientes, com o intervalo do trauma ao diagnóstico por imagem, em média, de 25,05 dias. Eram hipertensos 37,7% dos pacientes e 20% possuíam alguma doença neurológica. Oitenta e cinco (48,3%) pacientes eram idosos e a alteração da consciência esteve presente em 63% dos casos. Não eram idosos 91 (51,7%)p pacientes, 44% aprresentaram cefaleia, alteração da consciência ocorreu em 40% dos pacientes e as alterações motoras, em 27,5%. O HSDC localizou-se à direita em 41%, à esquerda em 43% e, bilateral em 16% dos pacientes. Conclusão: a alteração de consciência foi a alteração clínica mais comum nos idosos e a cefaleia em não idosos. A comorbidade mais associada foi a HAS e a causa mais frequente, o traumatismo craniano. A trepanação com dois orifícios associada ao sistema de drenagem fechado foi a operação mais utilizada, com alta efetividade e baixo índice de complicações.

Hematoma subdural crônico em adultos jovens / Subdural Hematoma Chronic in Young Adults

Objetivo O hematoma subdural crônico em adultos jovens é relativamente frequente, sendo tipicamente encontrado em idosos. Os principais fatores relacionados ao hematoma subdural crônico em adultos jovens são: derivação ventriculoperitoneal, cisto aracnóideo, uso de droga anticoagulante, coagulopatias e esportes vigorosos. O prognóstico depende da idade do paciente, do estado neurológico na admissão, das doenças sistêmicas associadas, assim como do diagnóstico preciso e tratamento adequado. Métodos Foram incluídos pacientes de ambos os gêneros, da faixa etária de 20 a 45 anos de idade, com diagnóstico confirmado de hematoma subdural crônico. Resultados Foram analisados 34 pacientes no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2013. O gênero masculino teve 25 e o feminino 9 casos. As causas foram: traumatismo cranioencefálico (20 pacientes), etilismo (7), crises convulsivas (3) e raquianestesia (2); as causas permaneceram desconhecidas em 2 pacientes. A tomografia computadorizada foi realizada em todos os pacientes e a ressonância magnética em 2 deles. Localização unilateral em 30 e bilateral em 4. Foram tratados cirurgicamente 28 pacientes e 6 receberam tratamento conservador. Tiveram boa evolução 27 pacientes, 4 apresentaram déficit neurológico focal, 2 apresentaram crise convulsiva e houve um óbito. Conclusões O hematoma subdural crônico é frequente em adultos jovens. O traumatismo cranioencefálico e etilismo crônico foram as principais causas de hematoma subdural crônico em jovens. Acomete mais o gênero masculino. O tratamento de escolha é cirúrgico. O prognóstico é bom.

Objective Chronic subdural hematoma in young adults is relatively common, typically found in the elderly. The main factors related to chronic subdural hematoma in young adults are: ventriculoperitoneal shunt, arachnoid cyst, anticoagulant drug, coagulopathies and vigorous sports. The prognosis depends on the patient's age, neurological status on admission, associated systemic diseases, as well as the accurate diagnosis and proper treatment. Methods Patients of both sexes were included with 20-45 years of age with a confirmed diagnosis of chronic subdural hematoma. Results 34 patients were analyzed from January 2005 to December 2013. Males reported 25 cases and 9 female. The causes were 20 traumatic brain injury, alcoholism 7, 3 seizures, spinal anesthesia 2 and unknown 2 patients. Computed tomography was performed in all patients and magnetic resonance imaging in 2 cases. Location unilateral in 30 and bilateral in 4. Surgically and 28 patients were treated conservative 6. Twenty-seven patients improved, four had focal neurological deficits, seizures two and one case died. Conclusions The chronic subdural hematoma is common in young adults. The craniocerebral trauma and chronic alcohol consumption were the main causes of chronic subdural hematoma in young. It affects more males. The treatment of choice is surgery. The prognosis is good.

No todo es diversión: papiledema y montana rusa / Not everything is fun: papilledema and roller coaster

Presentamos el caso de una paciente de 30 años de edad previamente saludable, quien desarrolló luego de numerosos viajes en una montaña rusa un hematoma subdural espontáneo y un higroma contralateral. La estroma velocidad y despliegue de fuerza G, la sucesión de momentos de aceleración y desaceleración, los bruscos movimientos cefálicos con tironeo lateral del cerebro y el número de veces que permitió el viaje, constituyeron un riesgo significativo de ruptura de venas puente, siendo posible que las reiteradas caídas de una boya remolcada hayan constituido el último trauma y desencadenamiento final

We present the case of a 30-year-old previously healthy patient, who developed ofter numerous trips on a roller coaster a spontaneous hematoma subdural and a contralateral hygroma. Extreme speed and G-force deployment, the succession of moments of acceleration and deceleration, sudden cephalic movements with snarling side of the brain and the number of times that he repeated the trip, they constituted a significant risk of rupture of veins bridge, being possible that repeated falls from a towed buoy have produced the latest trauma and final trigger

Paralisia do nervo oculomotor como manifestação inicial de hematoma subdural crônico ? Relato de caso / Oculomotor nerve palsy as initial manifestation of chronic subdural hematoma ? Case report

A presença de paralisia do nervo oculomotor (NOM) sem outro déficit neurológico é considerada rara como forma de apresentação em hematoma subdural crônico (HSDC). Geralmente apresenta sintomas de déficit neurológico focal, cefaleia e alterações do nível de consciência, havendo múltiplos diagnósticos diferenciais. RTA, 79 anos, masculino. Paciente com demência senil, hipertensão arterial sistêmica e diabetes mellitus. Estado geral: moderado. Exame físico: sonolento, eupneico. Exame neurológico: disfásico e anisocoria esquerda. Tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio sem contraste revelou lesão com densidade heterogênea na região frontoparietotemporal esquerda com efeito de massa e hipodensa na região frontoparietal direita. Submetido a trépano-punção frontal anterior e parietal posterior esquerda e drenagem do hematoma. Evoluiu com melhora da paralisia do NOM à esquerda. Em caso de HSDC volumoso, pode-se comprimir o mesencéfalo e apresentar-se herniação do uncus do hipocampo, podendo causar paralisia do NOM. Seu diagnóstico precoce e tratamento correto apresentam bons resultados...

The presence of complete paralysis of the oculomotor nerve (OMN) with no other neurological deficit is rare as the presentation of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH). Usually there are symptoms of focal neurologic deficit, headache and changing consciousness level, so there are multiple differential diagnoses. RTA, 79-year-old man. Patient who has senile dementia, hypertension and diabetes mellitus. General condition: moderate. Physical examination: sleepy, eupneic. Neurological examination: dysphasia and anisocoria left eye. Computed tomography (CT) scan without contrast revealed a lesion with heterogeneous density in the left frontoparietotemporal region, with mass effect and hipodense region right parietofrontal. The patient was submited to trepano-punction at left anterior frontal and posterior parietal and drainage of the hematoma. He evolved with neurological improvement of the paralysis of OMN on the left eye. The CSDH when it was large, can compress the midbrain and provide herniation of hippocampus? uncus may cause paralysis of the OMN. Early diagnosis and correct treatment has shown good results...

Hematoma subdural crónico: análisis de 95 casos / Chronic subdural hematoma: analysis of 95 cases

El Hematoma Subdural crónico es una patología relativamente frecuente que predomina en adultos mayores. Es de inicio insidioso, su diagnóstico se basa en el cuadro clínico y estudios radiológicos como la tomografía computarizada (TAC), el manejo es predominante quirúrgico y su pronóstico es bueno. Se analiza en el presente estudio, una muestra de 95 expedientes clínicos de pacientes con dicho diagnóstico, síntomas iniciales, TAC pre y post diagnóstico, tratamiento y evolución...

Tratamiento médico de un hematoma subdural crónico / Medical treatment of a chronic subdural hematoma

Se presenta una paciente portadora de un hematoma subdural crónico postraumático, que se trató médicamente y se logró su desaparición en el curso de varios meses, sin tratamiento quirúrgico y sin signos evolutivos de empeoramiento neurológico. La furosemida fue usada como medicamento básico en su tratamiento. Se adjuntan imágenes que confirman el valor de este punto de vista terapéutico(AU)

This is the case of a patient carrier of a post-traumatic chronic subdural hematoma clinically treated achieving its disappearance over some months without surgical treatment and evolutionary signs of neurologic worsening. The furosemide was used as basic drug in its treatment. The images confirming the value of this point of therapeutical view are enclosed(AU)

Hematoma subdural crónico: modalidades de tratamiento: revisión del tema: propuestas de manejo / Chronic subdural hematomas: treatment modalities: review of the literature

El hematoma subdural crónico constituye una entidad nosológica frecuente en la práctica neuroquirúrgica, existiendo múltiples modalidades de tratamiento propuestas con resultados muy diversos. Se hizo una revisión de varios de los aspectos del tratamiento de estos pacientes para intentar formular recomendaciones generales de manejo de acuerdo a los trabajos científicos publicados y a la experiencia de los autores. Se plantea un tratamiento basado en la fisiopatología del hematoma subdural crónico y su correspondiente traducción imagenológica.

Chronic Subdural Haematoma is a frequent neurosurgical condition,with multple treatment modalities and diverse results. The authors have made a review of various aspects of treatmentin these patients aiming to establish general recommendations, based on the scientific publications and their own experience. The proposed treatment is based on the physiopatology of theChronic Subdural Haematoma and the images pattern.